Adrenocorticotropin and Cortisol
When you experiences stress, the hypothalamus sends corticotropin-releasing hormone to the pituitary gland through a specialized circulation system called the hypophyseal portal duct. This stimulates the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland to secrete larger amounts of a hormone known as adrenocorticotropin, or ACTH. This hormone regulates the activities of the outer portion of the adrenal gland known as the adrenal cortex, where cortisol is produced.
ACTH triggers production of cortisol
Excessive production of ACTH triggers production of cortisol and other related glucocorticoids in the adrenal cortex. Cortisol, also known as hydrocortisone, is responsible for about 95% of the body’s glucocorticoid activity. Cortisol increases the mobilization of free fatty acids, increasing energy. Cortisol decreases glucose use, sparing it for essential brain functions.
Cortisol anti-inflammatory
Cortisol has short-term anti-inflammatory properties, which is why it was used to treat arthritis in 1950s. Unfortunately, cortisol also depresses immune reactions producing serious negative effects when administered for prolonged periods. Once considered wonder drugs, cortisol-based drugs are now used only as a last resort and for short periods.
Excessive cortisol may also:
- Lead to hypertension
- Inhibit wound healing
- Promote osteoporosis (bone loss)
- Promote muscle wasting
- Promote thin skin
- Increase abdominal fat
- Cause insulin resistance
- Cortisol and Protein Catabolism
Cortisol also stimulates protein catabolism (breakdown) so that amino acids can be released for use in repair, enzyme synthesis, and energy production, while stimulating gluconeogenesis, the process by which protein or fat is converted into glucose. Cortisol also serves as an insulin enemy by inhibiting glucose uptake and oxidation. The principal non-metabolic activities of cortisol include restraining the immune system’s production of inflammatory cytokines, increasing catecholamine release to improve blood flow and delivery, and enhancing mental sharpness.
Cortisol
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